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Alabama Environment & Hazard Risk

4 counties rated high or very high risk. 38,009 storm events since 1996, #22 among states.

Expected yearly loss
$2.5B
$500 per person
Storm events since 1996
38,009
Most often thunderstorm wind
Flood insurance policies
25,579
$1.2B in claims paid
Superfund sites
16
559 toxic release facilities

Risk by county

FEMA National Risk Index rating, highest risk first

CountyOverall riskTop hazardFlood policiesFlood claims paid
Mobile CountyHighHurricane5,422$369M
Jefferson CountyHighTornado1,129$47.4M
Baldwin CountyHighHurricane9,007$659M
Madison CountyHighTornado3,053$11.6M
Montgomery CountyModerateLightning725$6.7M
Tuscaloosa CountyModerateTornado539$3.4M
Shelby CountyModerateTornado491$19.2M
Morgan CountyModerateTornado426$3M
Calhoun CountyModerateTornado292$706K
Houston CountyModerateTornado312$4.1M
Etowah CountyModerateTornado212$815K
Marshall CountyModerateTornado71$1M
Lauderdale CountyModerateStrong wind128$1.4M
Escambia CountyModerateHurricane86$13.8M
Talladega CountyModerateTornado310$2.1M
Coffee CountyModerateHurricane151$17.7M
Walker CountyModerateTornado70$686K
Covington CountyModerateLightning92$397K
Cullman CountyModerateStrong wind77$564K
Colbert CountyLowStrong wind81$1.9M
DeKalb CountyLowStrong wind51$1M
Limestone CountyLowCold wave218$671K
Lee CountyLowHeat wave250$511K
Jackson CountyLowTornado117$664K
Elmore CountyLowHeat wave311$1.1M
St. Clair CountyLowTornado301$1.4M
Dallas CountyLowLightning192$2M
Choctaw CountyLowHurricane27$563K
Lawrence CountyLowTornado58$792K
Marion CountyLowLightning22$170K
Blount CountyLowTornado23$814K
Dale CountyLowHurricane67$3.7M
Franklin CountyLowTornado15$52.1K
Tallapoosa CountyLowHeat wave84$57.5K
Cherokee CountyLowDrought170$387K
Winston CountyLowLandslide30$130K
Autauga CountyLowHeat wave185$1.4M
Russell CountyLowLightning60$1.1M
Chilton CountyLowTornado25$78.5K
Clarke CountyLowHurricane28$895K
Geneva CountyLowHurricane55$2.8M
Sumter CountyLowTornado37$257K
Marengo CountyLowStrong wind66$187K
Monroe CountyLowHurricane8$111K
Barbour CountyLowHurricane30$695K
Chambers CountyLowHeat wave24$921K
Washington CountyLowHurricane9$115K
Butler CountyLowHurricane3$9,900
Pickens CountyLowHeat wave58$1.2M
Pike CountyLowHurricane12-
Henry CountyVery LowHurricane28$467K
Bibb CountyVery LowLandslide17$33K
Hale CountyVery LowLightning63$671K
Fayette CountyVery LowLandslide15-
Wilcox CountyVery LowHurricane38$124K
Crenshaw CountyVery LowHurricane3-
Lamar CountyVery LowLightning14$66.6K
Conecuh CountyVery LowHurricane3$62.5K
Randolph CountyVery LowHurricane15$15.8K
Greene CountyVery LowHeat wave69$1.1M
Lowndes CountyVery LowHeat wave62$126K
Cleburne CountyVery LowTornado3-
Clay CountyVery LowWildfire--
Bullock CountyVery LowDrought3$62.1K
Macon CountyVery LowDrought16$56K
Perry CountyVery LowHurricane2$7,315
Coosa CountyVery LowWildfire18$186K

Storm events by type

Since 1996: 697 deaths, $11.3B in property and crop damage

  • Thunderstorm Wind16,613 · 33 deaths
  • Hail6,644
  • Flash Flood2,828 · 34 deaths
  • Drought2,670
  • Tornado2,184 · 410 deaths
  • Heat1,073 · 41 deaths
  • Lightning717 · 40 deaths
  • Frost/Freeze592
  • Winter Weather538 · 7 deaths
  • Flood518 · 4 deaths
  • Strong Wind473 · 12 deaths
  • Winter Storm458 · 11 deaths

Events per year

Storm events per year in Alabama

Most damaging storms

Since 2017, ranked by deaths, injuries and damage

  • TornadoEF4, 23.55 mi path, 1,600 yd wide03/03/2019

    Bupree, Lee County

    23 deaths, 90 injured

    What happened

    National Weather Service meteorologists surveyed damage in far southern Lee County and determined that it was consistent with an EF4 tornado, with maximum sustained winds near 170 mph.||This track is a continuation of a track that began in Macon County. The tornado crossed into Lee County near Lee Road 812 and tracked northeast to County Road 29 where it removed the roof and collapsed several cinder block walls of a church. The tornado continued to intensify as it approached County Road 11, where it peeled sheet metal off of the porch of a home and ripped some sheet metal off of two outdoor storage sheds and continued to uproot numerous pine trees. Debris from structures and their contents were strewn along a tree line to the east of their original location and some evidence of weak ground rowing was observed along the surface tornado path.||The tornado reached its peak intensity just south of the intersection of Lee County Road 36 and Lee County Road 39, where it rolled a manufactured home and emptied its contents nearby on the northern side of the track. Additional damage toward the southern portion of the track included the complete destruction of a house with all debris...

  • Hurricane (Typhoon)09/15/2020

    Baldwin Coastal

    2 deaths, $236M damage

    What happened

    Hurricane Sally made landfall in Gulf Shores, AL at 5am on Wednesday, September 16th as a strong Category 2 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph. Sally produced widespread wind, storm surge, and freshwater flooding across coastal AL and the western Florida Panhandle. Flood and wind damage also extended well inland into inland southwest Alabama and south central Alabama. Sally was an extremely slow moving hurricane, which prolonged and exacerbated the local impacts. The storm was moving at less than 5 mph at the time of landfall, resulting in a long duration of tropical storm and hurricane force winds, storm surge, and torrential rainfall. ||Storm surge and resultant damage was widespread and significant from Baldwin County eastward to Okaloosa County. The highest surge occurred in the bays and sounds of Alabama and the western Florida Panhandle, with generally lower values and lesser impacts on the immediate Gulf facing shores. A peak inundation of 7 to 9 feet above ground level was officially surveyed across some locations in the back bays and sounds of southeast Baldwin County, as well as the northern end of Escambia and Blackwater Bays. A larger area was...

  • TornadoEF3, 22.3 mi path, 1,500 yd wide01/12/2023

    Independence, Autauga County

    7 deaths, 16 injured

    What happened

    National Weather Service meteorologists surveyed damage in northern Autauga County and determined that it was consistent with an EF3 tornado, with maximum winds near 150 mph. This long-track tornado began west of Highway 82, where timber damage occurred to farms near the community of Independence. The tornado crossed Highway 82 and strengthened as a manufactured home was rolled along Autauga County Road 40. Over the next two miles, the tornado rapidly strengthened as it approached the Old Kingston community, where EF3 damage began along County Road 43. At this location, at least three manufactured homes were obliterated with their frames thrown up to 100 yards. A pickup truck was sent airborne and landed 120 yards to the northeast, where a shallow crater was formed by its impact. The tornado became deadly as it impacted several homes along Sandy Ridge Road. The frame of a manufactured home at the western end of the road was thrown 250 yards to the north-northeast and came to rest in a field. Just downstream, several manufactured homes in a cluster were shredded and thrown considerable distances. Trees were snapped off relatively close to the ground and partially debarked. In...

  • Hurricane (Typhoon)09/15/2020

    Mobile Coastal

    $76M damage

    What happened

    Hurricane Sally made landfall in Gulf Shores, AL at 5am on Wednesday, September 16th as a strong Category 2 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph. Sally produced widespread wind, storm surge, and freshwater flooding across coastal AL and the western Florida Panhandle. Flood and wind damage also extended well inland into inland southwest Alabama and south central Alabama. Sally was an extremely slow moving hurricane, which prolonged and exacerbated the local impacts. The storm was moving at less than 5 mph at the time of landfall, resulting in a long duration of tropical storm and hurricane force winds, storm surge, and torrential rainfall. ||Storm surge and resultant damage was widespread and significant from Baldwin County eastward to Okaloosa County. The highest surge occurred in the bays and sounds of Alabama and the western Florida Panhandle, with generally lower values and lesser impacts on the immediate Gulf facing shores. A peak inundation of 7 to 9 feet above ground level was officially surveyed across some locations in the back bays and sounds of southeast Baldwin County, as well as the northern end of Escambia and Blackwater Bays. A larger area was...

  • TornadoEF3, 32.45 mi path, 1,700 yd wide03/25/2021

    Boiling Spgs, Calhoun County

    6 deaths, 10 injured

    What happened

    National Weather Service meteorologists surveyed damage in Calhoun County and determined that it was consistent with an EF3 tornado, with maximum winds near 140 mph.||The tornado first touched down on Boiling Springs Road snapping and uprooting trees just north of Mitchellville Road. The tornado widened as it traveled northeast damaging structures along Boiling Springs Road, downing trees and power lines. A double wide mobile home was demolished on Simpson Bend Road. The tornado then produced extensive damage in the Macon community, destroying numerous mobile homes with moderate to major damage to several site built homes. In this area, tree damage was also extensive with numerous hardwoods snapped near the base along Ragan Chapel Road. As the tornado approached Highway 77, it reached its maximum intensity and was likely multi-vortex in nature based on the damage pattern. Here, a large swath of trees were snapped. A large factory, Precision Materials, sustained major damage. The entire structure and supporting frame of this large well built metal building was collapsed and bent inward. The owner said they received the tornado warning and moved all employees into a safe shelter...

  • Thunderstorm Wind74 kt wind01/03/2017

    Merritts Crossroads, Houston County

    4 deaths, $100K damage

    What happened

    An NWS Survey Team determined that some damage in the Rehobeth area was caused by strong straight line winds on the southern flank of a tornado just to the north. Damage consisted of numerous large trees snapped or uprooted. One mobile home was split by a large tree, resulting in four fatalities. The damage pattern along this path was not convergent and was noticeably south of the path of the tornado vortex. Damage cost was estimated.

Flood insurance

National Flood Insurance Program policies and claims

25,579 homes in Alabama have flood insurance, about 1.3% of residential buildings. In high-risk flood zones, 18,305 of 62,310 homes (29%) are insured.

Flood claims paid per year in Alabama
  • Hurricane Ivan$355M · 6,877 claims
  • Hurricane Katrina$288M · 5,655 claims
  • Hurricane Sally$124M · 3,315 claims
  • Hurricane Georges$69.5M · 4,569 claims
  • Flooding$52.3M · 3,094 claims
  • Mid-spring storms$47M · 1,085 claims

Drinking water

501 community water systems serve about 6,404,329 people

Since 2021, 61 systems reported 131 health-based violations. 53 systems had a violation of any kind still open at last report. These had the most:

Select a county above to see every system that serves it.

Pollution sites

16 Superfund sites and 559 toxic release facilities

Superfund sites

All 16 in Alabama

Largest toxic releases

All 559 in Alabama

Facilities in Alabama reported 83.2 million lbs of toxic releases in 2024, 28.2 million lbs of it into the air.

Frequently asked questions

What is the biggest natural hazard in Alabama?
By expected annual loss, hurricane costs the most in Alabama ($466M a year), according to FEMA's National Risk Index.
How many storms hit Alabama each year?
NOAA recorded 38,009 storm events in Alabama since 1996, about 1,226 a year. The most common type is thunderstorm wind.
How many hurricanes have hit Alabama?
Alabama has had 9 hurricane landfalls since 1851, including 2 major hurricanes of Category 3 or stronger.
How many homes in Alabama have flood insurance?
25,579 residential flood insurance policies are in force in Alabama. Since 1978 the National Flood Insurance Program has paid $1.2B on 44,088 claims here.
How many Superfund sites are in Alabama?
Alabama has 16 Superfund sites on or deleted from EPA's National Priorities List.

Source: FEMA, NOAA, EPA · Last updated 08/01/2026 · Storm counts include events in forecast zones that touch each county. This product uses the FEMA OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA.