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Environment & Hazard Risk

Natural hazard risk, flood insurance, storm history, hurricanes, climate and pollution sites for every state and county.

High-risk counties
179
Very or relatively high NRI risk
Flood insurance policies
3,160,864
Residential, in force
Flood claims paid
$88.91B
2,636,474 claims since 1978
Superfund sites
1,839
21,482 toxic release facilities

Expected yearly losses from natural hazards

Per resident, from FEMA's National Risk Index. Darker states expect more loss. Select a state.

Check a flood zone

Look up the FEMA flood zone for an address from the National Flood Hazard Layer

Which hazards cost the most

Expected annual loss nationwide, all counties combined

  • Earthquake$26.48B/yr
  • Hurricane$14.2B/yr
  • Tornado$11.55B/yr
  • Cold wave$9.88B/yr
  • Heat wave$7.13B/yr
  • Wildfire$3.89B/yr
  • Hail$3.2B/yr
  • Strong wind$3.18B/yr
  • Drought$2.68B/yr
  • Lightning$1.62B/yr
  • Tsunami$1.1B/yr
  • Ice storm$1B/yr

Highest-risk counties for the costliest hazards

FEMA National Risk Index score for each hazard, highest first

Most damaging storms lately

Since 2023, ranked by deaths, injuries and damage

  • Wildfire08/08/2023

    Maui Leeward West, HI

    102 deaths, 32 injured, $5.5B damage

    What happened

    A wildfire near Lahaina was reported at 6:40 am HST and was contained within 3 hours. Another fire was reported around 3:30pm and prompted evacuation orders by 4:30 pm. However, power lines downed by the damaging winds closed roads and restricted evacuation routes. Wildfire continued to spread rapidly and quickly became out of control. The Coast Guard rescued people entering the Pacific Ocean who were escaping the fire. They rescued seventeen people including two children and assisted forty survivors on shore. At around 11:52 pm the Hawaii National guard was deployed on Maui as wildfires continued to burn out of control. At 1:20 AM on August 9, over 14,000 customers were without power, and at 5:03 AM, the fire damaged much of the historic banyan tree that was imported to Maui in 1873 from India. At 9:25 am on August 9, over 2,100 people were seeking refuge in Maui shelters, a number that would increase throughout the month, reaching a peak of 8,000 in September. At 12:45 pm on August 9, more than 14,000 people were transported off Maui with another 14,500 waiting to be moved. The fire burned 2,170 acres and destroyed most of the historic town of Lahaina, including over 2,200...

  • Hurricane (Typhoon)05/23/2023

    Guam, GU

    2 deaths, $4.01B damage

    What happened

    On May 17th a circulation that had been over the area for a few days was classified as Invest 97W by JTWC. 97W was located to the west-southwest of Chuuk at that time. Scatterometer data showed a west-wind burst south of the circulation with winds up to 30 knots. On the morning of May 18th, 97W was located near 6N147E. At this time strong convection was located to the southeast of the center with cloud-top temperatures down to -83C. These temperatures correspond to cloud tops up to 56k feet. The circulation continued to organize over the next few days. Scatterometer satellite imagery shows a well-defined circulation center surrounded by 20 to 25-knot winds by the 20th of May. ||On the afternoon of May 20th, the circulation was classified as Tropical Depression 02W. The tropical depression was located near 5.6N 149.0E or about 235 miles west-southwest of Chuuk with maximum sustained winds of 30 mph. 02W continued to intensify and by the morning of the 21st of May it became Tropical Storm Mawar. Mawar was located near 5.9N 149.2E at about 185 miles west-southwest of Chuuk.|Winds were up to 40 mph. Mawar continues to intensify and by the morning of the 22nd of May, it became a...

  • TornadoEF0, 6.61 mi path, 1,750 yd wide05/16/2025

    Tower Grove, St. Louis city, MO

    4 deaths, 38 injured, $1.6B damage

    What happened

    The tornado was its widest and strongest in St. Louis City. After it crossed into the City, the tornado caused major tree and structural damage in and around Forest Park and its northern neighborhoods. The then EF-3 tornado continued northeast into North St. Louis City where 4 individuals lost their lives. Continuing northeast still, the tornado began to weaken. Overall, thousands of buildings were damaged in St. Louis City costing an estimated $1.6 billion in damages.

  • Excessive Heat07/11/2023

    Central Phoenix, AZ

    150 deaths

    What happened

    A total of 150 heat-associated fatalities (94 direct and 56 indirect) were reported by the Maricopa County Department of Public Health, with their details, such as age, gender, circumstances, and exact location unavailable.

  • Hurricane (Typhoon)09/26/2024

    Inland Dixie, FL

    3 deaths, $1.08B damage

    What happened

    One person was killed when a tree fell through their house. Two others died from cardiac arrest. There were 120 people in the mini temporary hospital that was set up. Nearly all customers lost power due to widespread downed power lines and trees.

  • Hurricane (Typhoon)09/26/2024

    Lafayette, FL

    $1.08B damage

    What happened

    There were numerous trees and power lines blown down. Nearly 100% of the county lost power. Major agriculture losses occurred in the county.

Recent hurricanes that reached the U.S.

From NOAA's HURDAT2 best-track data

Most hurricane landfalls since 1851: Florida (108), Texas (56), Louisiana (52), North Carolina (35), South Carolina (25).

Flood insurance claims paid each year

National Flood Insurance Program, last 30 years

Flood insurance claims paid per year

Costliest named floods

  • Hurricane Katrina$16.26B · 208,303 claims
  • Hurricane Harvey$9.05B · 92,314 claims
  • Hurricane Sandy$8.71B · 139,061 claims
  • Hurricane Helene$6.77B · 58,084 claims
  • Hurricane Ian$4.89B · 48,819 claims
  • Flooding$3.81B · 346,778 claims
  • Hurricane Ike$2.7B · 58,084 claims
  • Mid-summer severe storms$2.53B · 29,980 claims

More environmental data

Frequently asked questions

What is the National Risk Index?
FEMA's National Risk Index rates every county for 18 natural hazards, such as floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, wildfires, earthquakes and heat waves. It combines expected annual losses with social vulnerability and community resilience into one risk score.
How many homes have flood insurance?
About 3,160,864 residential flood insurance policies are in force through the National Flood Insurance Program. Since 1978 the program has paid $88.91B on 2,636,474 claims.
How do I find out if my home is in a flood zone?
Use the flood zone lookup above. It checks your address against FEMA's National Flood Hazard Layer. Zones starting with A or V are high-risk Special Flood Hazard Areas.

Source: FEMA (National Risk Index, OpenFEMA NFIP), NOAA (Storm Events, HURDAT2), EPA (SEMS, TRI) · Last updated 08/03/2026 · This product uses the FEMA OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA.