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Kentucky Environment & Hazard Risk

1 county rated high or very high risk. 51,321 storm events since 1996, #10 among states.

Expected yearly loss
$2.36B
$525 per person
Storm events since 1996
51,321
Most often thunderstorm wind
Flood insurance policies
14,136
$521M in claims paid
Superfund sites
20
405 toxic release facilities

Risk by county

FEMA National Risk Index rating, highest risk first

CountyOverall riskTop hazardFlood policiesFlood claims paid
Jefferson CountyHighTornado2,982$98.84M
Floyd CountyModerateLandslide577$37.28M
Fayette CountyModerateTornado365$5.44M
McCracken CountyModerateEarthquake195$8.64M
Warren CountyModerateHail120$2.39M
Daviess CountyModerateIce storm662$3.56M
Pike CountyModerateLandslide927$56.25M
Graves CountyModerateEarthquake51$1.38M
Christian CountyLowEarthquake327$21.35M
Pulaski CountyLowWinter weather16$818K
Kenton CountyLowStrong wind189$2.7M
Hardin CountyLowStrong wind308$9.9M
Calloway CountyLowEarthquake57$1.11M
Boyd CountyLowHeat wave207$7.1M
Madison CountyLowLightning219$3.5M
Knox CountyLowCold wave77$892K
Boone CountyLowStrong wind54$372K
Perry CountyLowLandslide235$9.97M
Henderson CountyLowEarthquake250$6.33M
Hopkins CountyLowIce storm92$1.18M
Bullitt CountyLowStrong wind575$6.66M
Laurel CountyLowWinter weather30$1.14M
Johnson CountyLowLandslide211$5.25M
Bell CountyLowLandslide171$7.37M
Barren CountyLowHail21$193K
Clay CountyLowLandslide53$697K
Letcher CountyLowLandslide160$7.7M
Harlan CountyLowLandslide275$2.35M
Breathitt CountyLowLandslide117$7.6M
Franklin CountyLowStrong wind262$32M
Whitley CountyLowLandslide40$212K
Marshall CountyLowEarthquake72$1.23M
Shelby CountyLowStrong wind38$369K
Campbell CountyLowTornado335$5.83M
Scott CountyLowStrong wind97$1.85M
Oldham CountyLowStrong wind241$27.6M
Nelson CountyLowStrong wind59$3.45M
Wayne CountyLowCold wave8$3,107
Logan CountyLowCold wave56$499K
Ohio CountyLowIce storm22$180K
Lawrence CountyLowLandslide32$468K
Muhlenberg CountyLowIce storm25$329K
Carter CountyLowLandslide147$9.05M
Greenup CountyLowHeat wave320$10.85M
Knott CountyLowLandslide79$6.62M
Martin CountyLowLandslide200$6.6M
Trigg CountyLowIce storm11-
Rowan CountyLowLandslide198$5.15M
Fulton CountyLowEarthquake14$591K
Grayson CountyLowHail14$156K
Union CountyVery LowEarthquake13$358K
Estill CountyVery LowWinter weather45$1.1M
Boyle CountyVery LowStrong wind80$169K
Lewis CountyVery LowLandslide61$1.99M
Mercer CountyVery LowStrong wind73$5.03M
Hart CountyVery LowHail20$222K
Meade CountyVery LowStrong wind26$803K
McLean CountyVery LowIce storm117$1.98M
Woodford CountyVery LowStrong wind124$17.02M
Jessamine CountyVery LowStrong wind97$4.43M
Ballard CountyVery LowDrought18$585K
Breckinridge CountyVery LowHail22$325K
Adair CountyVery LowHail16$37.19K
Bourbon CountyVery LowStrong wind81$6.47M
Mason CountyVery LowStrong wind13$178K
Caldwell CountyVery LowIce storm16$253K
Taylor CountyVery LowStrong wind22$322K
Clark CountyVery LowStrong wind106$6.06M
Casey CountyVery LowWinter weather6$2.99M
Rockcastle CountyVery LowLandslide17$616K
Hickman CountyVery LowEarthquake3$6,152
Magoffin CountyVery LowLandslide61$2.8M
Montgomery CountyVery LowStrong wind33$1.85M
Harrison CountyVery LowStrong wind86$3.55M
Allen CountyVery LowHail16$597K
Lincoln CountyVery LowStrong wind8$377K
Russell CountyVery LowWinter weather10$104K
Leslie CountyVery LowLandslide38$362K
Powell CountyVery LowStrong wind96$1.81M
Fleming CountyVery LowStrong wind18$943K
Crittenden CountyVery LowIce storm13$369K
Garrard CountyVery LowStrong wind22$948K
Marion CountyVery LowHail20$136K
Cumberland CountyVery LowLandslide-$166K
Pendleton CountyVery LowLightning132$5.28M
Webster CountyVery LowIce storm51$248K
Lyon CountyVery LowIce storm--
Hancock CountyVery LowIce storm55$52.67K
Todd CountyVery LowIce storm29$140K
Livingston CountyVery LowIce storm53$497K
Simpson CountyVery LowHail32$915K
Monroe CountyVery LowHail6$1,872
Anderson CountyVery LowIce storm41$1.38M
McCreary CountyVery LowLandslide2$1,569
Clinton CountyVery LowWinter weather6$134K
Jackson CountyVery LowLandslide14$362K
Carroll CountyVery LowTornado73$1.61M
Morgan CountyVery LowLandslide24$1.11M
Metcalfe CountyVery LowHail10$17.37K
Nicholas CountyVery LowLandslide16$1.85M
Carlisle CountyVery LowEarthquake9$15.33K
Wolfe CountyVery LowLandslide--
Butler CountyVery LowHail17$607K
Gallatin CountyVery LowStrong wind53$458K
Washington CountyVery LowHail11$945K
Grant CountyVery LowTornado12$4,500
Henry CountyVery LowStrong wind28$575K
Owen CountyVery LowLandslide50$1.44M
Green CountyVery LowHail5$205K
Bath CountyVery LowLightning43$1.42M
Spencer CountyVery LowTornado27$858K
Larue CountyVery LowHail9$202K
Elliott CountyVery LowLandslide6$10K
Bracken CountyVery LowStrong wind45$1.95M
Trimble CountyVery LowStrong wind29$700K
Edmonson CountyVery LowHail6$436
Lee CountyVery LowLandslide17$1.34M
Owsley CountyVery LowLandslide6$64.96K
Menifee CountyVery LowLandslide27$1.02M
Robertson CountyVery LowLandslide2-

Costliest hazards

Expected annual loss in Kentucky, all counties combined

  • Tornado$333M/yr · 6 counties high
  • Earthquake$242M/yr
  • Cold wave$169M/yr · 5 counties high
  • Strong wind$113M/yr · 22 counties high
  • Heat wave$68.12M/yr · 2 counties high
  • Hail$66.55M/yr · 1 county high
  • Lightning$34.25M/yr · 7 counties high
  • Ice storm$29.59M/yr · 26 counties high
  • Drought$16.18M/yr · 1 county high
  • Winter weather$11.56M/yr · 7 counties high

Storm events by type

Since 1996: 489 deaths, $3.36B in property and crop damage

  • Thunderstorm Wind16,960 · 22 deaths
  • Hail5,739 · 1 death
  • Flash Flood4,606 · 113 deaths
  • Flood3,718 · 56 deaths
  • Winter Weather3,167 · 30 deaths
  • Heavy Snow2,262 · 11 deaths
  • Winter Storm1,988 · 28 deaths
  • Dense Fog1,882 · 1 death
  • Strong Wind1,705 · 4 deaths
  • Frost/Freeze1,690
  • Heat1,460 · 9 deaths
  • Tornado1,046 · 141 deaths

Events per year

Storm events per year in Kentucky

Most damaging storms

Since 2017, ranked by deaths, injuries and damage

  • TornadoEF4, 21.09 mi path, 2,300 yd wide12/11/2021

    Baltimore, Graves County

    24 deaths, 210 injured

    What happened

    This historic EF-4 tornado was associated with a very long-track supercell that originally formed over eastern Arkansas. The supercell produced a nearly continuous tornado damage path from northeast Arkansas across western Tennessee and western Kentucky. The starting point of this particular tornado was in northwest Tennessee, northwest of Union City (see Storm Data, Tennessee, Western for information on the beginning of this tornado). This tornado crossed from Hickman County into Graves County about one-half mile north of where Highway 58 crosses the county line, close to the tiny community of Baltimore. The tornado was about 1.3 miles wide when it entered the county. It varied from 1 to 1.3 miles in width as it traversed Graves County. The primary impact to Graves County was on the city of Mayfield, where the tornado achieved a rating of EF-4. This city suffered a devastating impact, in terms of both loss of life and property destruction. There were 23 fatalities countywide and many more injuries. On the southwest edge of Mayfield as the tornado entered the city, a candle factory was demolished (DI 23, DOD 7). At least nine workers in the factory were killed. The tornado...

  • TornadoEF4, 20.56 mi path, 2,000 yd wide12/11/2021

    Dawson Spgs, Hopkins County

    15 deaths, 200 injured

    What happened

    This historic EF-4 tornado was associated with a very long-track supercell that originally formed over eastern Arkansas. The supercell produced a nearly continuous tornado damage path from northeast Arkansas across western Tennessee and western Kentucky. The starting point of this particular tornado was in northwest Tennessee, northwest of Union City (see Storm Data, Tennessee, Western for information on this and other tornadoes associated with the supercell). This tornado crossed from Caldwell County into Hopkins County near the city limit of Dawson Springs, which straddles the county line. The tornado produced catastrophic damage and some fatalities in Dawson Springs. About two-thirds of the city's homes were destroyed, and about a dozen fatalities occurred. There were at least 200 injuries. The core of the tornado narrowly missed the downtown Dawson Springs business district, but a large residential neighborhood on the north side of downtown was destroyed. This neighborhood is where the tornado obtained its maximum EF-4 rating in Hopkins County. A two-story apartment building was almost totally destroyed. Only a few first-story interior walls remained standing (DI 5, DOD...

  • TornadoEF3, 25.7 mi path, 440 yd wide12/11/2021

    Petros, Warren County

    17 deaths, 63 injured

    What happened

    The National Weather Service in Louisville surveyed a tornadic supercell over the course of 6 days in Warren County which directly struck Bowling Green. The tornado first touched down in rural southwestern Warren County just south of the intersection of Wimpee Smith Road and Petros Browning Rd. It tracked to the northeast for approximately 26 miles before entering Edmonson County. The tornado continued approximately 3.6 miles into Edmonson before dissipating at 0138 CST. At the tornado's beginning in Warren County, the tornado twisted, snapped, topped and uprooted softwood and hardwood trees. The tornado was about 200 yards wide, with EF1 winds of 90 mph. Aerial photography confirmed the tornado was continuous in this rugged area of southwest Warren County. The tornado increased to EF2, between 120 and 125 mph, doing major damage to several older barns along Tommy Smith Road. It threw a 1700 pound cattle trailer, 300 yards into a creek ravine.The NWS drone showed a distinct narrow main funnel within the larger funnel. This 30 to 35 yard funnel was clearly seen scouring the corn field and produced the most concentrated damage. The narrow funnel crossed Browning Rd and hit a well...

  • TornadoEF4, 20 mi path, 1,700 yd wide05/17/2025

    Goodwater, Laurel County

    17 deaths

    What happened

    NWS survey teams dispatched on Saturday morning to Russell and |Pulaski Counties, where they were able to confirm a touchdown |along KY-619, about 2.5 miles northeast of Jamestown. Upon |touchdown it caused damage to a garage, two antenna towers, and |several trees. Sporadic damage east of KY-619 seems to suggest |that the tornado may have briefly lifted for a few hundred yards |after its initial touchdown point, before touching back down in a |grove of trees between KY-619 and John Streat Road. EF-1 damage |was observed in this area, with winds estimated between 95 and 100|mph. The tornado caused roofing damage to a house along John |Streat Road as it continued east, also producing a swath of |uprooted trees as it crossed a finger of Lake Cumberland. The |tornado gradually intensified as it crossed Parks Ridge and |continued through the community of Eli and points eastward. The|damage in this area was consistent with high-end EF-1 and EF-2 |winds, between 100 and 130 mph. ||The tornado then continued across the Pulaski County line, where |it caused considerable damage near the Faubush and Nancy |communities, before making it's way to the south side of Somerset.|Here it...

  • Flash Flood07/28/2022

    Fisty, Knott County

    16 deaths

    What happened

    Extensive flash flooding occurred in Knott County. Some of the reports included:||11:00 PM EST - Pictures on social media show flash flooding around the Big Branch Baptist Church. |11:56 PM EST - Broadcast media reported street flash flooding leaving KY-899 impassable in front of the Holly Hills Shopping Center. |12:38 AM EST - 4 children, ranging from 1 to 8 years old, perished in the flood waters of Montgomery and Troublesome Creeks after being swept away from their parents. Numerous news articles state that the family was awoken by the flash flood warning around 2:00 AM EDT (1:00 AM EST). The Considerable Tag that set off the WEA alerts as sent out at 1:38 AM EDT (12:38 AM EST), so this is likely what awakened the parents. The reports go on to state that it was a matter of minutes before the family was forced to escape to the roof of their mobile home once water started pouring in. They were not on the roof very long before they realized the mobile home was not stable, and they swam to a nearby tree. Strong currents in the water ripped the children away from the parent's grasp. It was around 8 hours before the parents were rescued. 2 of the 4 children were found deceased on...

  • TornadoEF4, 16.77 mi path, 2,420 yd wide12/11/2021

    Earles, Muhlenberg County

    11 deaths, 25 injured

    What happened

    This historic EF-4 tornado was associated with a very long-track supercell that originally formed over eastern Arkansas. The supercell produced a nearly continuous tornado damage path from northeast Arkansas across western Tennessee and western Kentucky. The starting point of this particular tornado was in northwest Tennessee, northwest of Union City (see Storm Data, Tennessee, Western for information on this and other tornadoes associated with the supercell). This tornado crossed from Hopkins County into Muhlenberg County at the Pond River, about 8 miles southwest of Bremen. The primary impact to Muhlenberg County was in and around the community of Bremen, where the tornado achieved a rating of EF-4. The Bremen area was the site of most of the 11 fatalities in Muhlenberg County. A total of 165 structures were damaged or destroyed, of which 84 were completely destroyed or uninhabitable. The remainder were damaged at least moderately. The majority of these structures were along and just south of Highway 175 from 5 miles southwest of Bremen to the community of Bremen. Several demolished houses in this area warranted a rating of EF-4. The destruction of one house warranted a wind...

Hurricanes and tropical storms

Storms whose track crossed the state, newest first

Flood insurance

National Flood Insurance Program policies and claims

14,136 homes in Kentucky have flood insurance, about 0.8% of residential buildings. In high-risk flood zones, 11,580 of 60,469 homes (19%) are insured.

Flood claims paid per year in Kentucky
  • Flooding$114M · 7,799 claims
  • Central U.S. April Flooding$70.25M · 1,100 claims
  • February Kentucky Flooding$39.98M · 978 claims
  • Late July Flooding$24.98M · 458 claims
  • Mid-spring storms$13.47M · 644 claims
  • Storm$12.69M · 435 claims

Drinking water

372 community water systems serve about 5,054,309 people

Since 2021, 92 systems reported 290 health-based violations. 22 systems had a violation of any kind still open at last report. These had the most:

Select a county above to see every system that serves it.

Climate in the largest cities

1991-2020 normals from the nearest NOAA weather station

CityJuly highJan lowRainSnow
Louisville87°F26°F53.1 in15.1 in
Lexington-Fayette87°F25°F49.8 in14.5 in
Bowling Green90°F28°F50.1 in8.5 in
Owensboro87°F26°F45.6 in4.3 in
Covington87°F24°F43.4 in-
Richmond87°F25°F--
Florence86°F23°F45.3 in23.3 in
Elizabethtown86°F24°F54.4 in4.5 in

Pollution sites

20 Superfund sites and 405 toxic release facilities

Superfund sites

All 20 in Kentucky

Largest toxic releases

All 405 in Kentucky

Facilities in Kentucky reported 41.3 million lbs of toxic releases in 2024, 12.4 million lbs of it into the air.

Frequently asked questions

What is the biggest natural hazard in Kentucky?
By expected annual loss, tornado costs the most in Kentucky ($333M a year), according to FEMA's National Risk Index.
How many storms hit Kentucky each year?
NOAA recorded 51,321 storm events in Kentucky since 1996, about 1,656 a year. The most common type is thunderstorm wind.
How many homes in Kentucky have flood insurance?
14,136 residential flood insurance policies are in force in Kentucky. Since 1978 the National Flood Insurance Program has paid $521M on 27,378 claims here.
How many Superfund sites are in Kentucky?
Kentucky has 20 Superfund sites on or deleted from EPA's National Priorities List.

Source: FEMA, NOAA, EPA · Last updated 08/01/2026 · Storm counts include events in forecast zones that touch each county. This product uses the FEMA OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA.