Kentucky Environment & Hazard Risk
1 county rated high or very high risk. 51,321 storm events since 1996, #10 among states.
- Expected yearly loss
- $2.36B
- $525 per person
- Storm events since 1996
- 51,321
- Most often thunderstorm wind
- Flood insurance policies
- 14,136
- $521M in claims paid
- Superfund sites
- 20
- 405 toxic release facilities
Risk by county
FEMA National Risk Index rating, highest risk first
| County | Overall risk | Top hazard | Flood policies | Flood claims paid |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jefferson County | High | Tornado | 2,982 | $98.84M |
| Floyd County | Moderate | Landslide | 577 | $37.28M |
| Fayette County | Moderate | Tornado | 365 | $5.44M |
| McCracken County | Moderate | Earthquake | 195 | $8.64M |
| Warren County | Moderate | Hail | 120 | $2.39M |
| Daviess County | Moderate | Ice storm | 662 | $3.56M |
| Pike County | Moderate | Landslide | 927 | $56.25M |
| Graves County | Moderate | Earthquake | 51 | $1.38M |
| Christian County | Low | Earthquake | 327 | $21.35M |
| Pulaski County | Low | Winter weather | 16 | $818K |
| Kenton County | Low | Strong wind | 189 | $2.7M |
| Hardin County | Low | Strong wind | 308 | $9.9M |
| Calloway County | Low | Earthquake | 57 | $1.11M |
| Boyd County | Low | Heat wave | 207 | $7.1M |
| Madison County | Low | Lightning | 219 | $3.5M |
| Knox County | Low | Cold wave | 77 | $892K |
| Boone County | Low | Strong wind | 54 | $372K |
| Perry County | Low | Landslide | 235 | $9.97M |
| Henderson County | Low | Earthquake | 250 | $6.33M |
| Hopkins County | Low | Ice storm | 92 | $1.18M |
| Bullitt County | Low | Strong wind | 575 | $6.66M |
| Laurel County | Low | Winter weather | 30 | $1.14M |
| Johnson County | Low | Landslide | 211 | $5.25M |
| Bell County | Low | Landslide | 171 | $7.37M |
| Barren County | Low | Hail | 21 | $193K |
| Clay County | Low | Landslide | 53 | $697K |
| Letcher County | Low | Landslide | 160 | $7.7M |
| Harlan County | Low | Landslide | 275 | $2.35M |
| Breathitt County | Low | Landslide | 117 | $7.6M |
| Franklin County | Low | Strong wind | 262 | $32M |
| Whitley County | Low | Landslide | 40 | $212K |
| Marshall County | Low | Earthquake | 72 | $1.23M |
| Shelby County | Low | Strong wind | 38 | $369K |
| Campbell County | Low | Tornado | 335 | $5.83M |
| Scott County | Low | Strong wind | 97 | $1.85M |
| Oldham County | Low | Strong wind | 241 | $27.6M |
| Nelson County | Low | Strong wind | 59 | $3.45M |
| Wayne County | Low | Cold wave | 8 | $3,107 |
| Logan County | Low | Cold wave | 56 | $499K |
| Ohio County | Low | Ice storm | 22 | $180K |
| Lawrence County | Low | Landslide | 32 | $468K |
| Muhlenberg County | Low | Ice storm | 25 | $329K |
| Carter County | Low | Landslide | 147 | $9.05M |
| Greenup County | Low | Heat wave | 320 | $10.85M |
| Knott County | Low | Landslide | 79 | $6.62M |
| Martin County | Low | Landslide | 200 | $6.6M |
| Trigg County | Low | Ice storm | 11 | - |
| Rowan County | Low | Landslide | 198 | $5.15M |
| Fulton County | Low | Earthquake | 14 | $591K |
| Grayson County | Low | Hail | 14 | $156K |
| Union County | Very Low | Earthquake | 13 | $358K |
| Estill County | Very Low | Winter weather | 45 | $1.1M |
| Boyle County | Very Low | Strong wind | 80 | $169K |
| Lewis County | Very Low | Landslide | 61 | $1.99M |
| Mercer County | Very Low | Strong wind | 73 | $5.03M |
| Hart County | Very Low | Hail | 20 | $222K |
| Meade County | Very Low | Strong wind | 26 | $803K |
| McLean County | Very Low | Ice storm | 117 | $1.98M |
| Woodford County | Very Low | Strong wind | 124 | $17.02M |
| Jessamine County | Very Low | Strong wind | 97 | $4.43M |
| Ballard County | Very Low | Drought | 18 | $585K |
| Breckinridge County | Very Low | Hail | 22 | $325K |
| Adair County | Very Low | Hail | 16 | $37.19K |
| Bourbon County | Very Low | Strong wind | 81 | $6.47M |
| Mason County | Very Low | Strong wind | 13 | $178K |
| Caldwell County | Very Low | Ice storm | 16 | $253K |
| Taylor County | Very Low | Strong wind | 22 | $322K |
| Clark County | Very Low | Strong wind | 106 | $6.06M |
| Casey County | Very Low | Winter weather | 6 | $2.99M |
| Rockcastle County | Very Low | Landslide | 17 | $616K |
| Hickman County | Very Low | Earthquake | 3 | $6,152 |
| Magoffin County | Very Low | Landslide | 61 | $2.8M |
| Montgomery County | Very Low | Strong wind | 33 | $1.85M |
| Harrison County | Very Low | Strong wind | 86 | $3.55M |
| Allen County | Very Low | Hail | 16 | $597K |
| Lincoln County | Very Low | Strong wind | 8 | $377K |
| Russell County | Very Low | Winter weather | 10 | $104K |
| Leslie County | Very Low | Landslide | 38 | $362K |
| Powell County | Very Low | Strong wind | 96 | $1.81M |
| Fleming County | Very Low | Strong wind | 18 | $943K |
| Crittenden County | Very Low | Ice storm | 13 | $369K |
| Garrard County | Very Low | Strong wind | 22 | $948K |
| Marion County | Very Low | Hail | 20 | $136K |
| Cumberland County | Very Low | Landslide | - | $166K |
| Pendleton County | Very Low | Lightning | 132 | $5.28M |
| Webster County | Very Low | Ice storm | 51 | $248K |
| Lyon County | Very Low | Ice storm | - | - |
| Hancock County | Very Low | Ice storm | 55 | $52.67K |
| Todd County | Very Low | Ice storm | 29 | $140K |
| Livingston County | Very Low | Ice storm | 53 | $497K |
| Simpson County | Very Low | Hail | 32 | $915K |
| Monroe County | Very Low | Hail | 6 | $1,872 |
| Anderson County | Very Low | Ice storm | 41 | $1.38M |
| McCreary County | Very Low | Landslide | 2 | $1,569 |
| Clinton County | Very Low | Winter weather | 6 | $134K |
| Jackson County | Very Low | Landslide | 14 | $362K |
| Carroll County | Very Low | Tornado | 73 | $1.61M |
| Morgan County | Very Low | Landslide | 24 | $1.11M |
| Metcalfe County | Very Low | Hail | 10 | $17.37K |
| Nicholas County | Very Low | Landslide | 16 | $1.85M |
| Carlisle County | Very Low | Earthquake | 9 | $15.33K |
| Wolfe County | Very Low | Landslide | - | - |
| Butler County | Very Low | Hail | 17 | $607K |
| Gallatin County | Very Low | Strong wind | 53 | $458K |
| Washington County | Very Low | Hail | 11 | $945K |
| Grant County | Very Low | Tornado | 12 | $4,500 |
| Henry County | Very Low | Strong wind | 28 | $575K |
| Owen County | Very Low | Landslide | 50 | $1.44M |
| Green County | Very Low | Hail | 5 | $205K |
| Bath County | Very Low | Lightning | 43 | $1.42M |
| Spencer County | Very Low | Tornado | 27 | $858K |
| Larue County | Very Low | Hail | 9 | $202K |
| Elliott County | Very Low | Landslide | 6 | $10K |
| Bracken County | Very Low | Strong wind | 45 | $1.95M |
| Trimble County | Very Low | Strong wind | 29 | $700K |
| Edmonson County | Very Low | Hail | 6 | $436 |
| Lee County | Very Low | Landslide | 17 | $1.34M |
| Owsley County | Very Low | Landslide | 6 | $64.96K |
| Menifee County | Very Low | Landslide | 27 | $1.02M |
| Robertson County | Very Low | Landslide | 2 | - |
Costliest hazards
Expected annual loss in Kentucky, all counties combined
- Tornado$333M/yr · 6 counties high
- Earthquake$242M/yr
- Cold wave$169M/yr · 5 counties high
- Strong wind$113M/yr · 22 counties high
- Heat wave$68.12M/yr · 2 counties high
- Hail$66.55M/yr · 1 county high
- Lightning$34.25M/yr · 7 counties high
- Ice storm$29.59M/yr · 26 counties high
- Drought$16.18M/yr · 1 county high
- Winter weather$11.56M/yr · 7 counties high
Storm events by type
Since 1996: 489 deaths, $3.36B in property and crop damage
- Thunderstorm Wind16,960 · 22 deaths
- Hail5,739 · 1 death
- Flash Flood4,606 · 113 deaths
- Flood3,718 · 56 deaths
- Winter Weather3,167 · 30 deaths
- Heavy Snow2,262 · 11 deaths
- Winter Storm1,988 · 28 deaths
- Dense Fog1,882 · 1 death
- Strong Wind1,705 · 4 deaths
- Frost/Freeze1,690
- Heat1,460 · 9 deaths
- Tornado1,046 · 141 deaths
Events per year
Most damaging storms
Since 2017, ranked by deaths, injuries and damage
- TornadoEF4, 21.09 mi path, 2,300 yd wide12/11/2021
Baltimore, Graves County
24 deaths, 210 injured
What happened
This historic EF-4 tornado was associated with a very long-track supercell that originally formed over eastern Arkansas. The supercell produced a nearly continuous tornado damage path from northeast Arkansas across western Tennessee and western Kentucky. The starting point of this particular tornado was in northwest Tennessee, northwest of Union City (see Storm Data, Tennessee, Western for information on the beginning of this tornado). This tornado crossed from Hickman County into Graves County about one-half mile north of where Highway 58 crosses the county line, close to the tiny community of Baltimore. The tornado was about 1.3 miles wide when it entered the county. It varied from 1 to 1.3 miles in width as it traversed Graves County. The primary impact to Graves County was on the city of Mayfield, where the tornado achieved a rating of EF-4. This city suffered a devastating impact, in terms of both loss of life and property destruction. There were 23 fatalities countywide and many more injuries. On the southwest edge of Mayfield as the tornado entered the city, a candle factory was demolished (DI 23, DOD 7). At least nine workers in the factory were killed. The tornado...
- TornadoEF4, 20.56 mi path, 2,000 yd wide12/11/2021
Dawson Spgs, Hopkins County
15 deaths, 200 injured
What happened
This historic EF-4 tornado was associated with a very long-track supercell that originally formed over eastern Arkansas. The supercell produced a nearly continuous tornado damage path from northeast Arkansas across western Tennessee and western Kentucky. The starting point of this particular tornado was in northwest Tennessee, northwest of Union City (see Storm Data, Tennessee, Western for information on this and other tornadoes associated with the supercell). This tornado crossed from Caldwell County into Hopkins County near the city limit of Dawson Springs, which straddles the county line. The tornado produced catastrophic damage and some fatalities in Dawson Springs. About two-thirds of the city's homes were destroyed, and about a dozen fatalities occurred. There were at least 200 injuries. The core of the tornado narrowly missed the downtown Dawson Springs business district, but a large residential neighborhood on the north side of downtown was destroyed. This neighborhood is where the tornado obtained its maximum EF-4 rating in Hopkins County. A two-story apartment building was almost totally destroyed. Only a few first-story interior walls remained standing (DI 5, DOD...
- TornadoEF3, 25.7 mi path, 440 yd wide12/11/2021
Petros, Warren County
17 deaths, 63 injured
What happened
The National Weather Service in Louisville surveyed a tornadic supercell over the course of 6 days in Warren County which directly struck Bowling Green. The tornado first touched down in rural southwestern Warren County just south of the intersection of Wimpee Smith Road and Petros Browning Rd. It tracked to the northeast for approximately 26 miles before entering Edmonson County. The tornado continued approximately 3.6 miles into Edmonson before dissipating at 0138 CST. At the tornado's beginning in Warren County, the tornado twisted, snapped, topped and uprooted softwood and hardwood trees. The tornado was about 200 yards wide, with EF1 winds of 90 mph. Aerial photography confirmed the tornado was continuous in this rugged area of southwest Warren County. The tornado increased to EF2, between 120 and 125 mph, doing major damage to several older barns along Tommy Smith Road. It threw a 1700 pound cattle trailer, 300 yards into a creek ravine.The NWS drone showed a distinct narrow main funnel within the larger funnel. This 30 to 35 yard funnel was clearly seen scouring the corn field and produced the most concentrated damage. The narrow funnel crossed Browning Rd and hit a well...
- TornadoEF4, 20 mi path, 1,700 yd wide05/17/2025
Goodwater, Laurel County
17 deaths
What happened
NWS survey teams dispatched on Saturday morning to Russell and |Pulaski Counties, where they were able to confirm a touchdown |along KY-619, about 2.5 miles northeast of Jamestown. Upon |touchdown it caused damage to a garage, two antenna towers, and |several trees. Sporadic damage east of KY-619 seems to suggest |that the tornado may have briefly lifted for a few hundred yards |after its initial touchdown point, before touching back down in a |grove of trees between KY-619 and John Streat Road. EF-1 damage |was observed in this area, with winds estimated between 95 and 100|mph. The tornado caused roofing damage to a house along John |Streat Road as it continued east, also producing a swath of |uprooted trees as it crossed a finger of Lake Cumberland. The |tornado gradually intensified as it crossed Parks Ridge and |continued through the community of Eli and points eastward. The|damage in this area was consistent with high-end EF-1 and EF-2 |winds, between 100 and 130 mph. ||The tornado then continued across the Pulaski County line, where |it caused considerable damage near the Faubush and Nancy |communities, before making it's way to the south side of Somerset.|Here it...
- Flash Flood07/28/2022
Fisty, Knott County
16 deaths
What happened
Extensive flash flooding occurred in Knott County. Some of the reports included:||11:00 PM EST - Pictures on social media show flash flooding around the Big Branch Baptist Church. |11:56 PM EST - Broadcast media reported street flash flooding leaving KY-899 impassable in front of the Holly Hills Shopping Center. |12:38 AM EST - 4 children, ranging from 1 to 8 years old, perished in the flood waters of Montgomery and Troublesome Creeks after being swept away from their parents. Numerous news articles state that the family was awoken by the flash flood warning around 2:00 AM EDT (1:00 AM EST). The Considerable Tag that set off the WEA alerts as sent out at 1:38 AM EDT (12:38 AM EST), so this is likely what awakened the parents. The reports go on to state that it was a matter of minutes before the family was forced to escape to the roof of their mobile home once water started pouring in. They were not on the roof very long before they realized the mobile home was not stable, and they swam to a nearby tree. Strong currents in the water ripped the children away from the parent's grasp. It was around 8 hours before the parents were rescued. 2 of the 4 children were found deceased on...
- TornadoEF4, 16.77 mi path, 2,420 yd wide12/11/2021
Earles, Muhlenberg County
11 deaths, 25 injured
What happened
This historic EF-4 tornado was associated with a very long-track supercell that originally formed over eastern Arkansas. The supercell produced a nearly continuous tornado damage path from northeast Arkansas across western Tennessee and western Kentucky. The starting point of this particular tornado was in northwest Tennessee, northwest of Union City (see Storm Data, Tennessee, Western for information on this and other tornadoes associated with the supercell). This tornado crossed from Hopkins County into Muhlenberg County at the Pond River, about 8 miles southwest of Bremen. The primary impact to Muhlenberg County was in and around the community of Bremen, where the tornado achieved a rating of EF-4. The Bremen area was the site of most of the 11 fatalities in Muhlenberg County. A total of 165 structures were damaged or destroyed, of which 84 were completely destroyed or uninhabitable. The remainder were damaged at least moderately. The majority of these structures were along and just south of Highway 175 from 5 miles southwest of Bremen to the community of Bremen. Several demolished houses in this area warranted a rating of EF-4. The destruction of one house warranted a wind...
Hurricanes and tropical storms
Storms whose track crossed the state, newest first
- Hurricane Helene (2024)09/23/2024 · Landfall: FL · 939 mbCategory 4138 mph peak
- Hurricane Ida (2021)08/26/2021 · Landfall: LA · 929 mbCategory 4150 mph peak
- Tropical Storm Fred (2021)08/10/2021 · Landfall: FL · 991 mbTropical storm63 mph peak
- Hurricane Laura (2020)08/20/2020 · Landfall: LA · 937 mbCategory 4150 mph peak
- Tropical Storm Olga (2019)10/25/2019 · 992 mbTropical storm52 mph peak
- Hurricane Florence (2018)08/30/2018 · Landfall: NC · 937 mbCategory 4150 mph peak
- Tropical Storm Alberto (2018)05/25/2018 · Landfall: FL · 990 mbTropical storm63 mph peak
- Hurricane Nate (2017)10/03/2017 · Landfall: LA, MS · 981 mbCategory 192 mph peak
- Hurricane Harvey (2017)08/16/2017 · Landfall: TX, LA · 937 mbCategory 4132 mph peak
- Tropical Storm Cindy (2017)06/20/2017 · Landfall: LA · 991 mbTropical storm58 mph peak
Flood insurance
National Flood Insurance Program policies and claims
14,136 homes in Kentucky have flood insurance, about 0.8% of residential buildings. In high-risk flood zones, 11,580 of 60,469 homes (19%) are insured.
- Flooding$114M · 7,799 claims
- Central U.S. April Flooding$70.25M · 1,100 claims
- February Kentucky Flooding$39.98M · 978 claims
- Late July Flooding$24.98M · 458 claims
- Mid-spring storms$13.47M · 644 claims
- Storm$12.69M · 435 claims
Drinking water
372 community water systems serve about 5,054,309 people
Since 2021, 92 systems reported 290 health-based violations. 22 systems had a violation of any kind still open at last report. These had the most:
- Providence Water WorksServes 4,538 · Surface water · Local government32 health violations+4 monitoring or reporting
- Union County Water DistrictServes 6,117 · Purchased surface water · Local government18 health violations
- Edmonson Co Water DistrictServes 17,848 · Surface water · Local government13 health violations+1 monitoring or reporting
- Smithland Water & SewerServes 989 · Purchased surface water · Local government13 health violations+1 monitoring or reporting
- Mountain Water DistServes 44,057 · Surface water · Local government11 health violations
- Sturgis Water WorksServes 3,490 · Purchased surface water · Local government10 health violations+3 monitoring or reporting
- Calhoun Water WorksServes 966 · Purchased surface water · Local government8 health violations
- Morganfield Water WorksServes 5,170 · Surface water · Local government7 health violations
Select a county above to see every system that serves it.
Climate in the largest cities
1991-2020 normals from the nearest NOAA weather station
| City | July high | Jan low | Rain | Snow |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Louisville | 87°F | 26°F | 53.1 in | 15.1 in |
| Lexington-Fayette | 87°F | 25°F | 49.8 in | 14.5 in |
| Bowling Green | 90°F | 28°F | 50.1 in | 8.5 in |
| Owensboro | 87°F | 26°F | 45.6 in | 4.3 in |
| Covington | 87°F | 24°F | 43.4 in | - |
| Richmond | 87°F | 25°F | - | - |
| Florence | 86°F | 23°F | 45.3 in | 23.3 in |
| Elizabethtown | 86°F | 24°F | 54.4 in | 4.5 in |
Pollution sites
20 Superfund sites and 405 toxic release facilities
Superfund sites
- Distler BrickyardFinal NPL Site, West Point
- Distler FarmFinal NPL Site, West Point
- Green River Disposal, Inc.Final NPL Site, Maceo
- Maxey Flats Nuclear DisposalFinal NPL Site, Hillsboro
- National Electric Coil co./Cooper IndustriesFinal NPL Site, Dayhoit
- Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (USDOE)Final NPL Site, Kevil
- Smith's FarmFinal NPL Site, Brooks
- Tri-City Disposal co.Final NPL Site, Shepherdsville
Largest toxic releases
- North American Stainless8.9 million lbs, Ghent
- Phoenix Paper Wickliffe LLC2.4 million lbs, Wickliffe
- U.S. Tva Shawnee Fossil Plant2.3 million lbs, West Paducah
- Big Rivers Electric Corp. Wilson Station2.0 million lbs, Centertown
- Kentucky Utilities Co Ghent Station1.7 million lbs, Ghent
- Spurlock Power Station1.4 million lbs, Maysville
- Nucor Steel Gallatin LLC1.2 million lbs, Warsaw
- Louisville Gas & Electric Co. - Mill Creek Station1.2 million lbs, Louisville
Facilities in Kentucky reported 41.3 million lbs of toxic releases in 2024, 12.4 million lbs of it into the air.
Frequently asked questions
- What is the biggest natural hazard in Kentucky?
- By expected annual loss, tornado costs the most in Kentucky ($333M a year), according to FEMA's National Risk Index.
- How many storms hit Kentucky each year?
- NOAA recorded 51,321 storm events in Kentucky since 1996, about 1,656 a year. The most common type is thunderstorm wind.
- How many homes in Kentucky have flood insurance?
- 14,136 residential flood insurance policies are in force in Kentucky. Since 1978 the National Flood Insurance Program has paid $521M on 27,378 claims here.
- How many Superfund sites are in Kentucky?
- Kentucky has 20 Superfund sites on or deleted from EPA's National Priorities List.
Source: FEMA, NOAA, EPA · Last updated 08/01/2026 · Storm counts include events in forecast zones that touch each county. This product uses the FEMA OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA.